Curly-infix-expressions
Alan Manuel K. Gloria
This SRFI is currently in ``draft'' status. To see an explanation of
each status that a SRFI can hold, see here.
To provide input on this SRFI, please
mail to
<srfi minus 105 at srfi dot schemers dot org>. See
instructions here to
subscribe to the list. You can access previous messages via
the archive of the mailing list.
None
Lisp-based languages, like Scheme, are almost the only
programming languages in modern use that do not support infix notation.
In addition, most languages allow infix expressions to be combined
with function call notation of the form f(x).
This SRFI provides these capabilities, both for
developers who already use Scheme and want these conveniences,
and also for other developers who may choose to use other languages
in part because they miss these conveniences.
Scheme currently reserves {...}
“for possible future extensions to the language”.
We propose that {...} be used
to support “curly-infix” notation as a homoiconic
infix abbreviation,
as a modification of the Scheme reader.
It is an abbreviation in much the same way that
'x is an abbreviation for (quote x).
A curly-infix list introduces a list whose visual presentation is in infix order instead of prefix order. For example, {n > 5} ⇒ (> n 5), and {a + b + c} ⇒ (+ a b c). By intent, there is no precedence, but e.g., {x + {y * z}} maps cleanly to (+ x (* y z)). Forms with mixed infix operators and other complications have “nfx” prepended to enable later macro processing, e.g., {4 + 5 * 6} ⇒ (nfx 4 + 5 * 6). Also, inside a curly-infix list (recursively), expressions of the form f(...) are simply an abbreviation for (f ...).
Note that this is derived from the “readable” project. We intend to later submit at least one additional SRFI that will build on top of this SRFI, but curly-infix-expressions are useful on their own.
Lisp-based languages, like Scheme, are almost the only programming languages in modern use that do not support infix notation. Even some Lisp advocates, like Paul Graham, admit that they “don’t find prefix math expressions natural” (http://www.paulgraham.com/pypar.html) even after decades of experience with Lisp-based languages. Paul Prescod has said, “I have more faith that you could convince the world to use Esperanto than prefix notation” (http://people.csail.mit.edu/gregs/ll1-discuss-archive-html/msg01571.html). Infix is not going away; standard mathematical notation uses infix, infix notation is taught to most people (programmers or not) in school, and nearly all new programming languages include infix.
Adding infix support to Scheme would be a useful convenience for some existing developers who use Scheme, and it would also eliminate a common complaint by developers who currently choose to use other languages instead.
Scheme currently reserves
{...} “for possible future
extensions to the language”. We propose that
{...} be used to
support “curly-infix” notation as a reader
abbreviation, just as
'x is an abbreviation for (quote x) and
(x y z)
is an abbreviation for
(x . (y . (z . ()))).
This proposal is an extremely simple and straightforward technique for supporting infix notation. There is no complex precedence system, all other Scheme capabilities (including macros and quasiquoting) work unchanged, any symbol can be used as an infix operation where desired, and Scheme remains general and homoiconic. Curly-infix-expressions (also known as c-expressions) are just a convenient reader abbreviation for infix notation.
At its core, this SRFI provides the simple curly-infix list, a list whose visual presentation is in infix order instead of prefix order. The simple curly-infix list {operand-1 operator operand-2 operator operand-3 operator ...} is mapped to (operator operand-1 operand-2 operand-3 ...) so that two or more operands are handled cleanly. E.g., {a + b + c} ⇒ (+ a b c).
More examples of c-expressions and their mappings are given below in the specification. See the design rationale for details on why the notation is designed the way it is.
“Curly-infix-expressions” or “c-expressions” are s-expressions with an additional notation: The curly-infix list. A curly-infix list is syntactically almost identical to a regular list, but it is surrounded by braces instead of by parentheses, and instead of a sequence of s-expressions it contains a sequence of neoteric-expressions (which add support for formats like f(x)). Once a curly-infix list is read, it is mapped differently than a regular list by a curly-infix reader:
Here is the precise definition of a curly-infix list (which is nearly identical to a traditional list):
| curly‑infix‑list → | “{” <whitespace>* [ <n-expression> [ <whitespace>+ <n-expression> ]* [ <whitespace>+ . <whitespace>+ <n-expression> ] <whitespace>* ] “}” |
A “neoteric-expression” or “n-expression” is a curly-infix-expression, with the following additional syntaxes for a datum where e is any datum expression:
Here are some examples of c-expressions (note that all operators in curly-infix are delimited):
A curly-infix reader is a datum reader
that can correctly read and map curly-infix-expressions.
A curly-infix reader must
include the braces “{” and
“}” as delimiters.
An implementation of this SRFI must accept the marker #!curly-infix followed by a whitespace character. This marker (including the trailing whitespace character) is consumed and considered whitespace; after reading this marker, the reader must accept curly-infix expressions in subsequent datums until it reaches an end-of-file or some other conflicting marker (no conflicting marker is specified here). We encourage implementations to always implement curly-infix expressions, even when the marker is not received. Applications should include this marker before using curly-infix expressions, typically near the top of a file. We recommend that portable applications do not use this marker as the first characters of a file (e.g., a newline should precede it), to prevent misinterpretation as an executable script header.
The “standard readers” are the datum reader used by the REPL, the datum readers defined by the relevant Scheme standards (such as “read” and where applicable “get-datum”), and the readers used to load user-supplied code as defined by the relevant Scheme standards (e.g., the reader used by “load” and module-loading mechanisms for user code). The standard readers are curly-infix enabled if the standard readers are curly-infix readers.
An implementation of this SRFI must
have its standard readers be curly-infix enabled.
We encourage implementations’ default invocation to
have their standard readers be curly-infix enabled,
but this is not required.
If the standard readers are not curly-infix enabled
in an implementation’s default invocation,
then if it has a default command line invocation line using some command
“foo”, the implementation
must provide an alternative command “curly-foo”
(the command prefixed with “curly-”) in which
its standard readers are curly-infix enabled.
In addition, if the implementation is invokable as
a graphical user interface (GUI), it
must provide a documented means to ensure that its
standard readers are curly-infix enabled on startup.
An implementation must not, by default, bind the symbol “nfx” to a procedure, macro, or syntax that cannot be overridden. An implementation should not bind the symbol “nfx” to a procedure, macro, or syntax in the default environment, with the exception that it may bind it by default to something that produces an error. This symbol is reserved for use by library writers (in the case of a library-based implementation of this SRFI, this symbol is reserved for use by other libraries) and application writers.
However, an implementation may provide one or more libraries that when imported bind the “nfx” symbol (as it is then a library, this case actually falls under the “reserved for use by library writers” clause above). Application writers and other library writers using that implementation are then free to use or not use the implementation’s provided “nfx” as provided by those libraries.
Implementations may provide the procedure (curly-infix-read . port) as a curly-infix reader.
Security implication: If the implementation does not check for circularity when doing equality comparisons, and a supplier of malicious data can specify a circularity, the reader could fail to terminate when comparing infix operators. In the worst case this could cause a a denial of service. A solution is to check for circularity when comparing operators.
Note that, by definition, this SRFI modifies lexical syntax.
This SRFI design rationale is unusually long, especially when you compare it to the simplicity of its specification. However, the notation described in this SRFI builds on the lessons learned from the many previous infix mechanisms that have been developed for Scheme and related Lisp-based languages. The authors believe that it is important to document why various decisions were made, in particular, to show why this approach is an improvement over past approaches and more likely to gain wide acceptance. We have separated the design rationale from the overall rationale, as was previously done by SRFI-26, because it is easier to understand the design rationale after reading the specification.
Many previous systems have implemented “infix” systems as a named macro or procedure (e.g., INFIX). This looks ugly, and it does the wrong thing — the resulting list always has INFIX at the beginning, not the actual infix operator, so this approach can interfere with quoting, macros, and other capabilities. In particular, consider the following syntax-rules macro for function composition:
(define-syntax o
(syntax-rules ()
({f o g}
(lambda args
(f (apply g args))))
({f o g o h o ...}
{(lambda (x)
(f (g x))) o h o ...})))
This example takes advantage of the fact that {f o g o h o ...} ⇒ (o f g h ...). Infix cannot be implemented as a macro alone, as the syntax-rules form has a particular treatment for the pattern. A macro for infix would very likely confuse the syntax-rules form.
A reader notation that maps to a simple and obvious s-expression structure also allows notations such as (map . {as + bs}) ⇒ (map + as bs). For example, in combination with SRFI-26, you can express templated procedures: (cut . {<> < 42})
There is no perfect character, but braces (aka curly braces) are pretty close. A key issue is that you want a balanced pair of characters to identify infix, since you can have infix-in-infix. The curly braces are visually pleasant pairs, so it makes sense to use these precious characters on something extremely common: infix notation.
All other character pairs other than braces have serious problems. Parentheses are already spoken for, of course. R6RS Scheme already uses up square brackets as a synonym for parentheses. Angle brackets are already used for comparison. Paired characters outside the ASCII set have other problems: some Schemes do not support characters outside the ASCII character set, such characters are not as well supported by other tools (and are sometimes corrupted by such tools), they are more complicated to deal with due to character encoding problems, and they are harder to enter on many keyboards.
In contrast, curly braces are in the ASCII character set and are already available for this purpose. They do not have a standardized meaning in any Scheme specification. They are also widely available in many other Lisp-derived languages, such as Common Lisp (as we’d like this notation to be widely useful across Lisps, even beyond Scheme).
Although curly braces can be used as local Scheme extensions, there are few Scheme implementations which do so. On September 5, 2012, John Cowan posted the results analyzing the meanings of square brackets and curly braces in his Scheme test suite (of 45 Scheme implementations). Only 2 (Chibi and RScheme) of 45 currently do something special with braces; “the other implementations treat them as either synonyms for parentheses, lexical syntax errors, or identifier characters”. That is a remarkably small number of Scheme implementations where this use of curly braces would conflict with some special semantic. Donovan Kolbly reported that “RScheme uses braces to delimit C code embedded in Scheme code... that said, a scanner hack could easily mode-switch to SRFI-105 interpretation where needed.” The Chibi extension using braces can be added or removed through a compile-time option, so not even all Chibi executables have a conflicting use of brace characters.
It’s true that {...} are often used in math for set notation. But infix notation is far more basic, and common, than sets. Also, traditional function call notation and infix are helpful when working with sets, so infix notation is the more important need. Once you allow neoteric-expressions, the notation set(...) is a reasonable alternative.
Some past systems have built infix notations into the reader in which the infix notation was radically different from normal Lisp notation. For example, the symbol for procedure calls might change, the names of variables or procedures might be spelled differently (at least in some cases), and so on. The result, in some cases, would be that these notations would simultaneously lose Lisp’s abilities for quoting, quasiquoting, and so on, and these notations were not homoiconic. It may become impossible to refer to certain symbols, since their names might include a character that is interpreted as an infix operator. They can also be confusing; the same symbols (e.g., parentheses) would have a completely different meaning inside and outside the parentheses.
In contrast, this curly-infix-expression proposal avoids these problems. The lists inside use almost exactly the same syntax inside and outside. For example, in curly-infix, `{,a + ,b} maps cleanly to `(+ ,a ,b), which works as expected with all macros. The main difference is that, in a curly-infix expression, the position of the operator in its surface syntax in a different location (infix) than its actual final location.
Some past efforts tried to automatically detect infix operators,
but this turns out to not work well. It’s hard to express
good rules for detecting infix operators, and the rules become too
complex for users (e.g., “punctuation-only symbols”
doesn’t detect “and” or “or”).
And in
any case, if they were automatically detected, an escape mechanism
would be needed anyway -
consider (map - ns)
for getting a new list with
the numbers in ns negated.
Allowing the user to expressly notate when
infix was intended, using {...},
turns out to be far more clearer
and more intuitive. In particular, curly-infix allows the use of
infix with any symbol, whenever you want... and where it’s
not convenient, you don’t need to use it. It is also very
backwards-compatible: Normal lists work normally, and if you want
infix, use {...}.
Operators are compared using equal? so that constructs like ,op are legal operators, e.g., {x ,op y ,op z}. Note that unfortunately if the operator construct contains a cycle, it might not terminate if equal? does not terminate in the presence of cycles. This was specified this way so that implementers could use the normal Scheme equal? comparison instead of having to implement a special comparison operator just for this particular case.
Curly-infix requires that the infix operators be delimited (e.g., by
spaces). This is consistent with Lisp history and current practice.
Currently, in Lisp, operators are always
delimited in traditional s-expressions (typically by left
parentheses on the left, and by whitespace on the right).
It’s impractical to do otherwise today; most Lisps,
including Scheme, allow and predefine symbols that include characters (like
“-”) that are typically used for infix operators.
If infix operators were not delimited, it would be impractical or
complicated to refer to standard Scheme identifiers.
By requiring delimiters (as is already true for the rest of Scheme),
any procedure may be used as an infix operator, not just a fixed list.
Many developers put space around infix operators even in languages
that don’t require them, so syntactically requiring them is no burden.
There are even other existing languages
that also require infix operators be delimited,
such as SNOBOL4,
PLOT,
and
REBOL.
In short, it is difficult to allow infix operators
without delimiters, and the visual results are the same as many
real-world uses in other languages, so the result appears quite
customary to typical software developers.
Many past “infix” systems for Lisp build in precedence. However, Lisp systems often process other languages, and they may freely mix these different languages. Thus, the same symbol may have different meanings and precedence levels in different contexts. The symbol might not even be defined where it is being used, and allowing precedence definitions would create subtle errors if files are read in a different order. If users hook in their own precedence system into a reader, it could even become difficult to combine code written for different precedence systems. In short, building precedence into a Lisp reader creates many complexities.
Yet the complexity of precedence systems is often unnecessary. In practice, we’ve found that simple infix is all that’s needed most of the time in Lisp-based languages. Even in other languages, many developers unnecessarily use grouping symbols with infix operators to make their order clear. An examination of two Scheme programs written using curly-infix (posted 2012-09-14) found that 55/78 (71%) of the top-level c-expressions do not embed an opening brace; this means that precedence is irrelevant for more than two-thirds of these top-level c-expressions. Thus, requiring grouping symbols is less of a hardship than it might appear.
By intentionally not building a precedence system into the reader, a very simple yet useful infix system results. We don’t need to register procedures, ensure that declarations of precedence precede their use, gain widespread agreement on some precedence order, or anything like it. We also ensure that the notation is clearly homoiconic.
Instead, where precedence is desired, application and library writers
can implement precedence by defining and controlling the scope of an
“nfx” macro or procedure, or by later postprocessing
of that symbol.
Scheme macros are already quite powerful and capable of handling this;
in these cases, {...} provides a more
convenient notation.
The curly-infix approach, instead of trying to manage both infix
and precedence, handles simple cases and then
takes advantage of the existing Scheme scoping rules and macro system for
more complex cases (in the rare cases where they are needed).
Note that curly-infix includes support for unary operators, but again,
they are without precedence.
As a result, they must be grouped separately.
This does not lead to hard-to-read expressions, however.
Examples of simple curly-infix lists combining infix and unary operations
include
{-(x) * -(y)}
and
{-{x} * -{y}}
(the notation is designed so that both work).
At first David A. Wheeler, who started this project, considered reporting an error if a simple infix expression isn’t provided. However, prepending “nfx” is much more flexible.
It would be possible to extend curly-infix to provide a fixed precedence system (e.g., if an expression is mixed, attempt to use various precedence rules). Here is a discussion how this could be accomplished in the future (should that be necessary), which may also show why such systems were not proposed in this SRFI. It is important to understand that such capabilities would be extensions beyond this SRFI. It would be best if the precedence rules (if any) were absolutely fixed; otherwise, subtle bugs would happen if files were read after the precedence was declared, and code would be hard to combine if it used different precedence rules. However, the precedence rules can be fixed while still allowing arbitrary new symbols, as shown below. Here is an example of such an extension, called a “math” extension. In this extension, if a mixed curly-infix list is seen, it first attempts to apply the “math” ruleset, and only prepends “nfx” if it does not meet the requirements. In this extension:
But there would be substantial arguments about the semantics of any precedence system. For example, should there be support for combining different ranged comparisons, to support notations such as {a < b <= c}? Should some operators be right-associative, and if so, which ones? There would also be substantial disagreement on exactly what operators should be in the precedence table (including which combinations and if Unicode characters should be included), their order, and whether the table should be “big” or “small” (since it is fixed, there are arguments for a larger one). Below is one possible order, in high-to-low precedence order (where ... matches 0 or more characters), presuming all is left-to-right; the point in part is to show that it would be challenging to get agreement on such a list:
Think that is too complicated? Many other variations are possible. A “simple math” ruleset could be devised instead, e.g., perhaps it has a shorter list of built-in operators. The extant code using curly-infix tends to combine these: *, /; +, -; < , <= , >=, >, =, <>, eq...; and; and or; adding exponentiation (e.g., ** and exp...) at a higher precedence level, and implication (e.g., -> and =>) would make sense for a short list. (The <> isn’t in many Scheme specifications, but it is odd to omit it from a precedence list.)
The key point is that although this SRFI does not include a precedence system, one (such as these) could be added later. If a precedence system were added, all existing code using simple curly-infix expressions, or 0..2 parameter expressions, would work unchanged. Even when it’s not, many “nfx” processors would likely generate the same order in most actual cases. Since it would be difficult to gain such agreement, and the value of such a system is doubtful, it is better to provide a much simpler system that does not include precedence. Again, any support for precedence is an extension beyond this SRFI.
Implementations should not predefine a meaning for nfx, other than possibly to something that always produces an error (e.g., raises an exception).
If anyone wrote code that depended on some local implementation of nfx, then by definition it would become implementation-dependent. Yet the point of the “nfx” macro is to allow application authors the ability to control what to do in that case, not to make them unwittingly dependent on an implementation.
Of course, an implementation could provide a pre-canned macro that could be used as a definition of nfx. But in that case, importing the library would be an explicit act, easily seen in the code, instead of being hidden. That way, it is easy to determine when an implementation-dependent capability is being used.
The empty curly-infix list {} is intentionally mapped to (), as it is an empty list, and this is the likely user meaning (reducing unnecessary errors).
The one and two parameter cases are defined in part to reduce user error, and in part to provide better support:
{...} can conceptually be used
for grouping:
{{{a} + {b}}}
is equivalent to
(+ a b).
It ensures that the neoteric-expression
f{x} becomes the likely-intended (f x),
and also makes it easy to use prefix notation; e.g.,
{ f(x) } is just another way to write
(f x).
Finally, it also provides an easy escape mechanism
in sweet-expressions for symbols
that would otherwise have other meanings.We would like to have a convention for users to easily enable curly-infix everywhere, e.g., for the default reader (e.g., read), read-eval-print loop (REPL), and loader (e.g., load). Our ideal would be that implementations would enable curly-infix in their normal invocation, but some implementers may not want to do that. For example, if an implementation already uses braces for a different local extension, they may not want to immediately switch to curly-infix in their default invocation. Thus, if implementers choose to not enable curly-infix in their default reader, a conventional command line name “curly-foo” is defined for each implementation foo that enables it. Implementations may have a host of special command-line invocation names, but presumably one or a few are the usual invocation commands; there is no requirement to have a curly-foo alternative for a rarely-used invocation.
There is simply no single option flag (for example) that everyone could agree on to enable curly-infix. In practice, we expect that implementations will build this capability into their default readers and then control it via some special flag, but we do not want to mandate exactly how it this capability is turned on or passed to the reader.
We would like implementations to always have curly-infix enabled.
However, some implementations may have other extensions
that use {...}.
We want a simple, standard way to identify code that uses curly-infix
so that readers will switch to curly-infix if they need to switch.
This is especially important for those few Scheme implementations that
already use braces for some other purpose.
The #! marker prefix was suggested due to its similarity
to other markers.
After all, R6RS and R7RS (draft 6) already use
#!fold-case and #!no-fold-case
as special markers to control the reader.
Using another marker beginning with
#! and a letter allows for a simple, similar-looking marker
for a similar situation.
What’s more, it implies a reasonable convention for reader extensions:
markers that begin with #!, followed by an ASCII letter, should
have the rest read as an identifier (up to a whitespace)
and use that to control the reader.
The marker is read up to a whitespace; this is consistent with Scheme R7RS ticket #447. This makes easy to distinguish between markers if one marker begins with the same characters as another entire marker.
This marker need not interfere with other uses of #!.
SRFI-22 supports
#!
followed by space as a comment to the end of the line; this is supported
by several implementations, but this is easily distinguished from this
marker by the space.
Guile, clisp, and several other Lisps support
#!...!#
as a multi-line comment, enabling scripts with mixed languages and
multi-line arguments.
But in practice the #! is almost always
followed immediately by / or ., and other scripts
could be trivially fixed to make that so.
R6RS had a non-normative recommendation to ignore a line that began
with #!/usr/bin/env (without a space), as well
as a #! /usr/bin/env (with a space before the slash),
but this is non-normative;
an implementation could easily implement #! followed by space
as an ignored line, and treat #! followed by
/ or . differently.
Thus, implementations could trivially support (simultaneously) markers
beginning with #! followed by a letter
(such as the one to identify curly-infix),
the SRFI-22 #!+space marker as an ignored line,
and the format #!/ ...!# and #!. ...!# as a
multi-line comment.
Note that this SRFI does not mandate support or any particular
semantics for #!fold-case, #!no-fold-case,
the SRFI-22 #!+space convention, or
#! followed by a slash or period;
it is merely designed so that implementations could
implement them all simultaneously.
We do not require that applications include this marker. Our hope is that over time everyone will just support this natively, making the marker unnecessary, and we do not want to require that users include an unneeded marker.
We recommend that #!curly-infix not be the very first characters in a file (e.g., put a newline in front of it). If the file began with #!curly-infix, is made executable, and then execution is attempted, this might confuse some systems into trying to run the program srfi-105.
By intent, this SRFI (including the enabling mechanism) doesn’t use or interact with any module system at all (including the R6RS and R7RS module systems). This is because some implementations won’t have a module system (or at least not a standard one). Curly-infix is an intentionally simple mechanism that can be built into even trivial Scheme implementations. Mandating module support is unnecessary and might inhibit its adoption.
There were two competing alternatives: #!srfi-105 and #!curly-infix.
The
#!srfi-105 was recommended during discussion of SRFI-105,
in part because it makes it clear where more information can be gathered.
Also, it suggests that srfi- should be
the namespace for SRFIs, a plausible convention.
However, #!curly-infix marker has the advantage of being more obvious about what is being enabled. Modern search engines make it easy to find where information is, using either naming convention. Finally, if this capability were accepted into future Scheme specification, its name would not need to change.
Racket allows a notation called the “infix convention”
with the form “(a . operation . b)”. An
advantage of this alternative is that it does not use the braces,
so it might be easier to implement in Schemes which already define
{...} in a local extension. However, the Racket “infix
convention” has many problems:
.”
somewhere, you end up with the wrong result, and possibly without an
error being flagged. This notation also
makes it harder to see improper lists; improper lists are important
but rare, so it’s good to make them obvious.
In contrast, the Racket infix convention
makes improper lists hard to distinguish.
The Racket documentation even goes out of its way to emphasize that
infix convention use is unrelated to improper lists... which
suggests that they are easily confused.{...}, {x} is no longer useful as an escape mechanism
for sweet-expressions (a notation that builds on curly-infix). An
alternative would be to use (. x) as an escape mechanism,
but at that point dots-in-lists become busy and confusing.In short, cases where infix notation would be useful are extremely common, so its notation should be convenient. The Racket “infix convention” may be the next-best notation for infix notation after curly-infix, but it’s next-best, and we should strive for the best available notation for such a common need. Curly-infix does not conflict with the Racket infix convention; implementations could implement both. We recommend that an implementation that implements the Racket infix convention should also allow multiple operands and use curly-infix semantics for them, pretending that . op . is a single parameter. In that case, (a . + . b . + . c) would map to (+ a b c), and (a . + . b . * . c) would map to (nfx a + b * c). Note that the existence of the Racket “infix convention” is additional evidence of the need for a standard infix convention; many have separately created mechanisms to try to provide infix support.
The “Infix Expressions for PLT Scheme” package by Jens Axel Søgaard, called here the “Racket infix.plt” package, provides an infix notation for PLT Scheme (now called Racket). The manual for the Racket infix.plt package lists a number of examples and constructs.
In this approach, the 3-character sequence “@${“ begins an infix expression, which switches to a completely different language that ends with a matching “}”. The parser.ss source code defines the grammar of this language as follows:
<e> :== <num>
| <id> variable reference
| <e> [ <args> ] application
| { <args> } list construction
| <e> + <e> addition
| <e> - <e> subtraction
| <e> * <e> multiplication
| <e> / <e> division
| <e> ^ <e> exponentiation
| - <e> negation
| ( <e> ) grouping
<id> An identifier begins with a letter,
and is optionally followed by series of letters, digits or underscores.
An underscore is converted to a -. Thus list_ref will refer to list-ref.
<num> A number is an non-empty series of digits,
optionally followed by a period followed by a series of digits.
This grammar is incomplete; infix.plt also supports (per its documentation or source code):
<e> OP <e> comparison. OP is <, <=, =, <>, >,=, > (and Unicode) <e> := <e> assignment <e> ; <e> sequence (λ ids . expr) anonymous function √<e> square root (Unicode character) ¬<e> logical not
Differences in this approach, which some may see as advantages, are that infix operators need not be separated by whitespace, it provides precedence of * and / over + and -, and it builds in a simple assignment statement if you want it. Like many infix notations (including curly-infix), for many expressions the infix.plt package is a far clearer notation than the traditional s-expression.
However, there are many negatives to the infix.plt approach:
Note that an implementation could support both curly-infix and the Racket infix.plt package simultaneously.
Like the Racket “infix convention”, the infix.plt package does demonstrate that there is a need for an infix notation that can be used in Scheme.
The Gambit reader includes a notation called the “Scheme Infix eXtension (SIX)” that supports infix notation. SIX expressions begin with a backslash.
Like curly-infix, SIX is a reader extension. But SIX has a number of problems compared to curly-infix:
Like the Racket “infix convention” and Racket infix.plt package, SIX does demonstrate that there is a need for an infix notation that can be used in Scheme.
A system could simultaneously implement curly-infix and SIX. However, curly-infix is far simpler, is more flexible (e.g., by allowing arbitrary symbols), and works much more easily with macros and quoting. Thus, we believe that curly-infix is the better system and more appropriate for standardization across Scheme implementations.
Guile 1.4.x at gnuvola.org is self-described as a “(somewhat amicable) fork from the official Guile”. It includes support for reading infix expressions. Once activated, infix expressions are surrounded by #[ and ]. Infix operators are surrounded by whitespace. It supports precedence, which sounds like an advantage, but operators must be registered before use (and few are predefined), creating an opportunity for terrible errors if the expression is read first. There is also the opportunity for serious problems if different programs are written assuming different precedence levels. Inside the infix notation a very different language is used (e.g., parentheses are used for grouping instead of necessarily creating lists, and parameters are separated by commas), so it is unclear how well it would work with other Scheme features such as quasiquotation.
The guile 1.4 reading infix module has a more complex grammar requiring a more complex implementation and understanding. Its registration system creates serious problems when trying to use it for larger systems. This infix notation has not been accepted into the version of guile used by most people, so it is not even portable among most guile users. But perhaps the biggest problem is that this notation is fundamentally not homoiconic; it is harder to determine where lists begin and end with it.
Like Racket and SIX, this module does demonstrate that there is a need for an infix notation that can be used in Scheme.
In contrast, curly-infix is simpler, requires no registration system or other complexities, works more clearly with macros and quasiquotation, and has the general advantage of being homoiconic.
Lisp’s standard notation is different from “normal” notation in that the parentheses precede the function name, rather than follow it. Others have commented that it’d be valuable to be able to say name(x) instead of (name x):
Neoteric-expressions allow users to use a more traditional-looking notation for function calls. Again, quoting rules and macros continue to work as usual.
The (. e) rule handles expressions like read(. port), ensuring that they map to (read . port). If (. x) didn’t mean x, then it would be easy to get this case wrong. Also, if someone wanted to build on top of an existing reader, they would have to reimplement parts of the list-processing system if this wasn’t handled. It is already true that (. x) is x in guile, so there was already a working example that this is a reasonable extension. In fact, in a typical implementation of a list reader, it takes extra effort to prevent this extension, so this is a relatively easy extension to include.
Neoteric-expressions could be useful outside of curly-infix-expressions, and the sweet-expression notation (not defined here) builds on neoteric-expressions. However, accepting neoteric-expressions outside of any braces could change the interpretation of some existing Scheme code. Such code would arguably be badly formatted, and the code could be quickly fixed by a pretty-printer, but nevertheless changing already-standard syntax is clearly a larger change. It is anticipated that some users will want an infix notation and more traditional function call notation without changing the meaning of portable Scheme code. This SRFI is designed to meet the desires of those users. Other specifications could build on this SRFI without this limitation, e.g., other specifications could require support for neoeteric-expressions outside all braces.
It would be possible to define neoteric-expressions to have
comma-separated values in a function call; this would make it even
more similar to traditional function call notation. A simple way would be to simply
remove all commas, but this would interfere with ,-lifting,
and thus was immediately rejected.
A better rule, that would indeed work, would be to require each parameter to end with a comma, and then remove that ending comma. However, this rule:
,-lifting
(making them hard to find).Many other languages do use commas, but they are required
because an expression that uses infix order
need not be surrounded by any marker.
Since an infix expression must be surrounded by
{...} in our notation,
there is no need for additional commas for parameter separation.
Experimentation found that separating parameters solely by whitespace worked well, so that approach was selected.
Originally the prefix had to be a symbol or list. The theory was that by ignoring others, the reader would be backwards-compatible with some badly-formatted code, and some errors might not result in incorrectly-interpreted expressions. But this was an odd limitation, and in some cases other prefixes made sense (e.g., for strings). This was changed to eliminate the inconsistency.
The symbol $bracket-apply$ was once bracketaccess, but it turns out that the Kawa Scheme implementation already used $bracket-apply$. The symbol $bracket-apply$ is somewhat more awkward to type directly, but this is actually a good thing; this means it is even more unlikely to be used unintentionally by user code.
Neoteric-expressions used to be called “modern-expressions”. But some people didn’t like that name, and the obvious abbreviation (“m-expression”) was easily confused with the original Lisp M-expression language. So the name was changed to neoteric, which has a similar meaning and abbreviates nicely. It wasn’t called “function-expressions” because “f-expressions” are previously used (and can sound bad if said quickly), and they weren’t called “prefix-expressions” because “p-expressions” sound like “pee-expressions”. It’s not called “name-prefix” because the prefix need not be a name. There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that the notation was developed by a secret technologically advanced species, so pay no attention to “Microcosmic God” by Theodore Sturgeon :-).
The neoteric rules do introduce the risk of someone inserting a space between the function name and the opening character (e.g., an open parenthesis). But whitespace is already significant as a parameter separator; since this is how Scheme already works, this represents no change at all.
Obviously, this is trivial to parse.
No power is lost, because this is completely optional;
developers can use it when they want to,
and they can use traditional s-expression notation if they want to.
It’s trivially quoted... if you quote a symbol followed
by (, just keep going until its matching ),
which is essentially the same rule as before.
There is no requirement that writers (e.g., “write” or a pretty-printer) write out curly-infix-expressions. They may choose to do so, e.g., for lists of length 3-6 whose car is the symbol “and”, the symbol “or”, or a punctuation-only symbol. However, it would probably be wise to wait until many implementations can handle c-expressions.
Curly-infix is designed so that it can work on other Lisps as well, which should simplify adoption elsewhere.
Curly-infix is an unusually simple mechanism, but like much of any Lisp-based language, its power comes from its simplicity.
The implementation below is portable, with the exception that
Scheme provides no standard mechanism to override
{...} in its
built-in reader. Thus, implementations will typically have a
modified reader that detects “{“, starts reading a list
until its matching “}”, and then calls process-curly
defined below. We recommend that implementations always do
this, but an implementation must at least activate this behavior
when “curly-foo” is invoked
or when they read #!curly-infix followed by whitespace.
This reference implementation is SRFI type 2: “A mostly-portable solution that uses some kind of hooks provided in some Scheme interpreter/compiler. In this case, a detailed specification of the hooks must be included so that the SRFI is self-contained.”
For clarity, this is split into two parts: (1) code that implements the SRFI, and (2) a demo (with support procedures) to show its use. This SRFI is trivial to implement, so most of the code is actually in part 2.
; ------------------------------
; Curly-infix support procedures
; ------------------------------
; Return true if lyst has an even # of parameters, and the (alternating)
; first parameters are "op". Used to determine if a longer lyst is infix.
; If passed empty list, returns true (so recursion works correctly).
(define (even-and-op-prefix? op lyst)
(cond
((null? lyst) #t)
((not (pair? lyst)) #f)
((not (equal? op (car lyst))) #f) ; fail - operators not the same
((not (pair? (cdr lyst))) #f) ; Wrong # of parameters or improper
(#t (even-and-op-prefix? op (cddr lyst))))) ; recurse.
; Return true if the lyst is in simple infix format
; (and thus should be reordered at read time).
(define (simple-infix-list? lyst)
(and
(pair? lyst) ; Must have list; '() doesn't count.
(pair? (cdr lyst)) ; Must have a second argument.
(pair? (cddr lyst)) ; Must have a third argument (we check it
; this way for performance)
(even-and-op-prefix? (cadr lyst) (cdr lyst)))) ; true if rest is simple
; Return alternating parameters in a lyst (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.)
(define (alternating-parameters lyst)
(if (or (null? lyst) (null? (cdr lyst)))
lyst
(cons (car lyst) (alternating-parameters (cddr lyst)))))
; Not a simple infix list - transform it. Written as a separate procedure
; so that future experiments or SRFIs can easily replace just this piece.
(define (transform-mixed-infix lyst)
(cons 'nfx lyst))
; Given curly-infix lyst, map it to its final internal format.
(define (process-curly lyst)
(cond
((not (pair? lyst)) lyst) ; E.G., map {} to ().
((null? (cdr lyst)) ; Map {a} to a.
(car lyst))
((and (pair? (cdr lyst)) (null? (cddr lyst))) ; Map {a b} to (a b).
lyst)
((simple-infix-list? lyst) ; Map {a OP b [OP c...]} to (OP a b [c...])
(cons (cadr lyst) (alternating-parameters lyst)))
(#t (transform-mixed-infix lyst))))
; ------------------------------------------------
; Key procedures to implement neoteric-expressions
; ------------------------------------------------
; Read the "inside" of a list until its matching stop-char, returning list.
; stop-char needs to be closing paren, closing bracket, or closing brace.
; This is like read-delimited-list of Common Lisp.
; This implements a useful extension: (. b) returns b.
(define (my-read-delimited-list my-read stop-char port)
(let*
((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c) (read-error "EOF in middle of list") '())
((eqv? c #\;)
(consume-to-eol port)
(my-read-delimited-list my-read stop-char port))
((my-char-whitespace? c)
(read-char port)
(my-read-delimited-list my-read stop-char port))
((char=? c stop-char)
(read-char port)
'())
((or (eq? c #\)) (eq? c #\]) (eq? c #\}))
(read-char port)
(read-error "Bad closing character"))
(#t
(let ((datum (my-read port)))
(cond
((eq? datum '.)
(let ((datum2 (my-read port)))
(consume-whitespace port)
(cond
((eof-object? datum2)
(read-error "Early eof in (... .)\n")
'())
((not (eqv? (peek-char port) stop-char))
(read-error "Bad closing character after . datum"))
(#t
(read-char port)
datum2))))
(#t
(cons datum
(my-read-delimited-list my-read stop-char port)))))))))
; Implement neoteric-expression's prefixed (), [], and {}.
; At this point, we have just finished reading some expression, which
; MIGHT be a prefix of some longer expression. Examine the next
; character to be consumed; if it's an opening paren, bracket, or brace,
; then the expression "prefix" is actually a prefix.
; Otherwise, just return the prefix and do not consume that next char.
; This recurses, to handle formats like f(x)(y).
(define (neoteric-process-tail port prefix)
(let* ((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c) prefix)
((char=? c #\( ) ; Implement f(x).
(read-char port)
(neoteric-process-tail port
(cons prefix (my-read-delimited-list neoteric-read-real #\) port))))
((char=? c #\[ ) ; Implement f[x]
(read-char port)
(neoteric-process-tail port
(cons '$bracket-apply$
(cons prefix
(my-read-delimited-list neoteric-read-real #\] port)))))
((char=? c #\{ ) ; Implement f{x}. Balance }
(neoteric-process-tail port
(let ((tail (neoteric-read port)))
(if (eqv? tail '())
(list prefix) ; Map f{} to (f), not (f ()).
(list prefix tail)))))
(#t prefix))))
; To implement neoteric-expressions, modify the reader so
; that [] and {} are also delimiters, and make the reader do this:
; (let* ((prefix
; read-expression-as-usual
; ))
; (if (eof-object? prefix)
; prefix
; (neoteric-process-tail port prefix)))
; Modify the main reader so that [] and {} are also delimiters, and so
; that when #\{ is detected, read using my-read-delimited-list
; any list from that port until its matching #\}, then process
; that list with "process-curly", like this:
; (process-curly (my-read-delimited-list #\} port))
; ------------------------------------------------
; Demo procedures to implement curly-infix and neoteric readers
; ------------------------------------------------
; This implements an entire reader, as a demonstration, but if you can
; update your existing reader you should just update that instead.
; This is a simple R5RS reader, with a few minor (common) extensions.
; The "my-read" is called if it has to recurse.
(define (underlying-read my-read port)
(let* ((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c) c)
((char=? c #\;)
(consume-to-eol port)
(my-read port))
((my-char-whitespace? c)
(read-char port)
(my-read port))
((char=? c #\( )
(read-char port)
(my-read-delimited-list my-read #\) port))
((char=? c #\[ )
(read-char port)
(my-read-delimited-list my-read #\] port))
((char=? c #\{ )
(read-char port)
(process-curly
(my-read-delimited-list neoteric-read-real #\} port)))
; Handle missing (, [, { :
((char=? c #\) )
(read-char port)
(read-error "Closing parenthesis without opening")
(my-read port))
((char=? c #\] )
(read-char port)
(read-error "Closing bracket without opening")
(my-read port))
((char=? c #\} )
(read-char port)
(read-error "Closing brace without opening")
(my-read port))
((char=? c #\") ; Strings are delimited by ", so can call directly
(default-scheme-read port))
((char=? c #\')
(read-char port)
(list 'quote (my-read port)))
((char=? c #\`)
(read-char port)
(list 'quasiquote (my-read port)))
((char=? c #\,)
(read-char port)
(cond
((char=? #\@ (peek-char port))
(read-char port)
(list 'unquote-splicing (my-read port)))
(#t
(list 'unquote (my-read port)))))
((ismember? c digits) ; Initial digit.
(read-number port '()))
((char=? c #\#) (process-sharp my-read port))
((char=? c #\.) (process-period port))
((or (char=? c #\+) (char=? c #\-)) ; Initial + or -
(read-char port)
(if (ismember? (peek-char port) digits)
(read-number port (list c))
(string->symbol (fold-case-maybe port
(list->string (cons c
(read-until-delim port neoteric-delimiters)))))))
(#t ; Nothing else. Must be a symbol start.
(string->symbol (fold-case-maybe port
(list->string
(read-until-delim port neoteric-delimiters))))))))
(define (curly-infix-read-real port)
(underlying-read curly-infix-read-real port))
(define (curly-infix-read . port)
(if (null? port)
(curly-infix-read-real (current-input-port))
(curly-infix-read-real (car port))))
; Here's a real neoteric reader.
; The key part is that it implements [] and {} as delimiters, and
; after it reads in some datum (the "prefix"), it calls
; neoteric-process-tail to see if there's a "tail".
(define (neoteric-read-real port)
(let* ((prefix (underlying-read neoteric-read-real port)))
(if (eof-object? prefix)
prefix
(neoteric-process-tail port prefix))))
(define (neoteric-read . port)
(if (null? port)
(neoteric-read-real (current-input-port))
(neoteric-read-real (car port))))
; ------------------
; Support procedures
; ------------------
(define digits '(#\0 #\1 #\2 #\3 #\4 #\5 #\6 #\7 #\8 #\9))
(define linefeed (integer->char #x000A)) ; #\newline aka \n.
(define carriage-return (integer->char #x000D)) ; \r.
(define tab (integer->char #x0009))
(define line-tab (integer->char #x000b))
(define form-feed (integer->char #x000c))
(define line-ending-chars (list linefeed carriage-return))
(define whitespace-chars
(list tab linefeed line-tab form-feed carriage-return #\space))
; Should we fold case of symbols by default?
; #f means case-sensitive (R6RS); #t means case-insensitive (R5RS).
; Here we'll set it to be case-sensitive, which is consistent with R6RS
; and guile, but NOT with R5RS. Most people won't notice, I
; _like_ case-sensitivity, and the latest spec is case-sensitive,
; so let's start with #f (case-sensitive).
; This doesn't affect character names; as an extension,
; We always accept arbitrary case for them, e.g., #\newline or #\NEWLINE.
(define foldcase-default #f)
; Returns a true value (not necessarily #t) if char ends a line.
(define (char-line-ending? char) (memq char line-ending-chars))
; Returns true if item is member of lyst, else false.
(define (ismember? item lyst)
(pair? (member item lyst)))
; Create own version, in case underlying implementation omits some.
(define (my-char-whitespace? c)
(or (char-whitespace? c) (ismember? c whitespace-chars)))
; If fold-case is active on this port, return string "s" in folded case.
; Otherwise, just return "s". This is needed to support our
; foldcase-default configuration value when processing symbols.
; The "string-foldcase" procedure isn't everywhere,
; so we use "string-downcase".
(define (fold-case-maybe port s)
(if foldcase-default
(string-downcase s)
s))
(define (consume-to-eol port)
; Consume every non-eol character in the current line.
; End on EOF or end-of-line char.
; Do NOT consume the end-of-line character(s).
(let ((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((not (or (eof-object? c)
(char-line-ending? c)))
(read-char port)
(consume-to-eol port)))))
(define (consume-whitespace port)
(let ((char (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? char) char)
((eqv? char #\;)
(consume-to-eol port)
(consume-whitespace port))
((my-char-whitespace? char)
(read-char port)
(consume-whitespace port)))))
; Identifying the list of delimiter characters is harder than you'd think.
; This list is based on R6RS section 4.2.1, while adding [] and {},
; but removing "#" from the delimiter set.
; NOTE: R6RS has "#" has a delimiter. However, R5RS does not, and
; R7RS probably will not - http://trac.sacrideo.us/wg/wiki/WG1Ballot3Results
; shows a strong vote AGAINST "#" being a delimiter.
; Having the "#" as a delimiter means that you cannot have "#" embedded
; in a symbol name, which hurts backwards compatibility, and it also
; breaks implementations like Chicken (has many such identifiers) and
; Gambit (which uses this as a namespace separator).
; Thus, this list does NOT have "#" as a delimiter, contravening R6RS
; (but consistent with R5RS, probably R7RS, and several implementations).
; Also - R7RS draft 6 has "|" as delimiter, but we currently don't.
(define neoteric-delimiters
(append (list #\( #\) #\[ #\] #\{ #\} ; Add [] {}
#\" #\;) ; Could add #\# or #\|
whitespace-chars))
(define (read-until-delim port delims)
; Read characters until eof or a character in "delims" is seen.
; Do not consume the eof or delimiter.
; Returns the list of chars that were read.
(let ((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c) '())
((ismember? c delims) '())
(#t (cons (read-char port) (read-until-delim port delims))))))
(define (read-error message)
(display "Error: ")
(display message)
(display "\n")
'())
(define (read-number port starting-lyst)
(string->number (list->string
(append starting-lyst
(read-until-delim port neoteric-delimiters)))))
; detect #| or |#
(define (nest-comment port)
(let ((c (read-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c))
((char=? c #\|)
(let ((c2 (peek-char port)))
(if (char=? c2 #\#)
(read-char port)
(nest-comment port))))
((char=? c #\#)
(let ((c2 (peek-char port)))
(if (char=? c2 #\|)
(begin
(read-char port)
(nest-comment port)))
(nest-comment port)))
(#t
(nest-comment port)))))
(define (process-sharp my-read port)
; We've peeked a # character. Returns what it represents.
(read-char port) ; Remove #
(cond
((eof-object? (peek-char port)) (peek-char port)) ; If eof, return eof.
(#t
; Not EOF. Read in the next character, and start acting on it.
(let ((c (read-char port)))
(cond
((char-ci=? c #\t) #t)
((char-ci=? c #\f) #f)
((ismember? c '(#\i #\e #\b #\o #\d #\x
#\I #\E #\B #\O #\D #\X))
(read-number port (list #\# (char-downcase c))))
((char=? c #\( ) ; Vector.
(list->vector (my-read-delimited-list my-read #\) port)))
((char=? c #\\) (process-char port))
; This supports SRFI-30 #|...|#
((char=? c #\|) (nest-comment port) (my-read port))
; If #!xyz, consume xyz and recurse.
; In a real reader, consider handling "#! whitespace" per SRFI-22,
; and consider "#!" followed by / or . as a comment until "!#".
((char=? c #\!) (my-read port) (my-read port))
(#t (read-error "Unsupported # extension")))))))
(define (process-period port)
; We've peeked a period character. Returns what it represents.
(read-char port) ; Remove .
(let ((c (peek-char port)))
(cond
((eof-object? c) '.) ; period eof; return period.
((ismember? c digits)
(read-number port (list #\.))) ; period digit - it's a number.
(#t
; At this point, Scheme only requires support for "." or "...".
; As an extension we can support them all.
(string->symbol
(fold-case-maybe port
(list->string (cons #\.
(read-until-delim port neoteric-delimiters)))))))))
(define (process-char port)
; We've read #\ - returns what it represents.
(cond
((eof-object? (peek-char port)) (peek-char port))
(#t
; Not EOF. Read in the next character, and start acting on it.
(let ((c (read-char port))
(rest (read-until-delim port neoteric-delimiters)))
(cond
((null? rest) c) ; only one char after #\ - so that's it!
(#t
(let ((rest-string (list->string (cons c rest))))
(cond
; Implement R6RS character names, see R6RS section 4.2.6.
; As an extension, we will ALWAYS accept character names
; of any case, no matter what the case-folding value is.
((string-ci=? rest-string "space") #\space)
((string-ci=? rest-string "newline") #\newline)
((string-ci=? rest-string "tab") tab)
((string-ci=? rest-string "nul") (integer->char #x0000))
((string-ci=? rest-string "alarm") (integer->char #x0007))
((string-ci=? rest-string "backspace") (integer->char #x0008))
((string-ci=? rest-string "linefeed") (integer->char #x000A))
((string-ci=? rest-string "vtab") (integer->char #x000B))
((string-ci=? rest-string "page") (integer->char #x000C))
((string-ci=? rest-string "return") (integer->char #x000D))
((string-ci=? rest-string "esc") (integer->char #x001B))
((string-ci=? rest-string "delete") (integer->char #x007F))
; Additional character names as extensions:
((string-ci=? rest-string "ht") tab)
((string-ci=? rest-string "cr") (integer->char #x000d))
((string-ci=? rest-string "bs") (integer->char #x0008))
(#t (read-error "Invalid character name"))))))))))
; Record the original read location, in case it's changed later:
(define default-scheme-read read)
; --------------
; Demo of reader
; --------------
; repeatedly read in curly-infix and write traditional s-expression.
(define (process-input)
(let ((result (curly-infix-read)))
(cond
((not (eof-object? result))
(write result)
(display "\n")
; (force-output) ; flush, so can interactively control something else
(process-input)))))
(process-input)
The readable project website has more information: http://readable.sourceforge.net
We thank all the participants on the “readable-discuss” and “SRFI-105” mailing lists, including John Cowan, Shiro Kawai, and many others whose names should be here but aren’t.
Copyright (C) 2012 David A. Wheeler and Alan Manuel K. Gloria. All Rights Reserved.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.